Fig. 39.1 Marking the skin for the tunneling course using the two-step technique Fig. 39.2 Local anesthesia for tunneling Once the patient has been properly anesthetized by using local anesthesia…

Fig. 10.1 Anchoring and suturing technique. Proper needle placement (a). Proper placement of the surgical lead (b). Proper placement of the anchoring device at the fascia entry point (c). Suturing…

Complication Diagnosis of problem Treatment of problem Neuraxis complications Nerve injury CT or MRI, EMG/NCS/physical exam Steroid protocol, anticonvulsants, neurosurgery consult Epidural fibrosis Increased stimulation amplitude Lead reprogramming, lead revision…

Fig. 40.1 Langer’s lines Knowing the direction of Langer’s lines within a specific area of the skin is important for surgical operations, particularly cosmetic surgery. If a surgeon has a…

Neuropathies: diabetic, alcohol-induced, metabolic, nutritional deficiency, heavy metal, chemotherapy-induced, idiopathic, infectious (HIV, syphilis) Spine-induced pain: disc impingement of the nerve, foraminal narrowing, central stenosis, epidural fibrosis, arachnoiditis, mechanical entrapment of…

Fig. 11.1 The course of tunneling is planned based on landmarks and the best direction for placing the tunneling tool Fig. 11.2 Local anesthesia placed along the tract for tunneling…

Inclusion criteria  Amputation of lower or upper limb  Chronic pain from amputation for ≥6 months  Pain refractory to conventional medical management  Severe pain in an amputated limb (worst pain intensity…

Fig. 23.1 Location of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) as compared to the pedicle Fig. 23.2 Radiographic of DRG location. Blue indicates pedicle; red indicates neuroforamen; yellow indicates DRG Using…

Fig. 17.1 Ilioinguinal nerve stimulation Chronic orchialgia may be caused by structural abnormalities including wallerian degeneration of the spermatic cord or vasal nerves. This may explain how neurostimulation of the…

Fig. 29.1 (a) Dissection of muscles in the buttock. (b) Dissection to the popliteal nerve for open technique nerve placement 29.2 Technical Overview Ultrasound guidance technology can be used for…