Fig. 27.1 Anatomy of the knee and its innervation 27.3 Patient Selection The ideal patient for consideration of PNS to treat knee pain can be identified by several characteristics. The…

Fig. 7.1 The bevel of the needle should be cephalad (b) and the lead should be introduced with the goal of placement within the posterior epidural space (a) Once the…

Fig. 13.1 Wound closure with elimination of dead space. Note the elimination of any dead space in the wound 13.3 Techniques A few simple rules promote the opportunity for a…

Location Advantages Disadvantages Ideal uses Buttock The generator is close to the implant site for the lumbar and thoracic spine Patients with implants for back and leg pain do not…

Surgeon prefers paddle lead Surgeon not skilled in percutaneous technique Difficult needle access to the spine because of anatomical characteristics Epidural fibrosis Revision because of lead migration Inadequate power with…

1. Understand the anatomy at the location of planned needle entry 2. Review the skin integrity for lesions or local infection 3. Review recent plain films if there is concern…

Fig. 19.1 The postsynaptic dorsal column pathway. Importantly, these fibers ascend ipsilaterally within the spinal cord Divergently, the somatic nerves that supply the abdominal wall have primary afferents within the…

Fig. 28.1 Ulnar nerve course in the distal and proximal upper extremity A possible location for stimulation of radial and median nerves in the forearm for treatment of hand pain…

Cathode placement Stimulation target Cervical C2 Face, below the maxillary region C2–C4 Neck, and shoulder to hand C4–C7 Forearm to hand C7–T1 Anterior shoulder Thoracic T1–T2 Chest wall T5–T6 Abdomen…

More conservative treatment options have failed, or other options are unacceptable or not indicated. A trial of neuraxial medications provides acceptable pain relief, tolerable side effects, and functional improvement, when…