Management of General Anesthesia
There are many features of the administration of general anesthesia that differ between children and adults. In this chapter, we discuss those differences, with an emphasis on anesthetic medications and…
Routine Airway Management
General anesthesiologists that occasionally anesthetize children should be intimately familiar with the anatomy of the pediatric upper airway. In this chapter, the pertinent features of the pediatric airway and the…
Temperature Regulation
This chapter reviews the importance of thermoregulation and temperature monitoring in anesthetized children. It addresses the significance of keeping children normothermic and will help the trainee understand why pediatric anesthesiologists…
Monitoring
Four monitors are used for virtually every pediatric anesthesia case: pulse oximetry, capnography, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood pressure measurement. These monitors are components of the Basic Monitoring Standards of the…
Fluid and Blood Administration
A variety of intravenous fluid and blood products are administered to children in the perioperative period. Indications include preoperative deficit replacement, ongoing maintenance requirements, fluid loss replacement, and treatment of…
Preanesthetic Preparation of the Pediatric Patient
The “10 P” Checklist Cognitive aids, in the form of checklists, are techniques that ensure completeness with multistep processes and aid attention to detail. We devised the 10 P checklist…
The Formerly Premature Infant
With the advent of antenatal steroids, surfactant therapy, and the overall improvement in care of extremely premature infants, mortality from medical problems of prematurity has decreased. However, as survival rates…
Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus The endocrine condition most frequently encountered in the perioperative period in children is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the result of an absolute or functional deficiency of insulin…
The Premature Infant
In the last several decades, the incidence of prematurity in the United States has risen to 11.5%. Maternal risk factors for prematurity include absence of prenatal care, low socioeconomic status,…
Genetic and Inherited Diseases
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) With an incidence of approximately1 in 700 live births , trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal abnormality and the most common cause of intellectual disability…
