(10.1) This ratio is typically reported as a percentage (the percent saturation of hemoglobin). The SO2 can be measured using spectrophotometry (which is called oximetry, and is described in Chapter…

(31.1) The physiological range of pH and corresponding [H+] is shown in Table 31.1. The normal pH of plasma is indicated as 7.40, which corresponds to a [H+] of 40…

FIGURE 20.1 Ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) relationships and associated blood gas abnormalities. Pathophysiology Dead space ventilation increases in the following situations: 1. When the alveolar–capillary interface is destroyed; e.g., emphysema 2. When blood…

FIGURE 8.1 The basic features of a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter. Note that the PA catheter has been threaded through a large-bore introducer catheter that has a side-arm infusion port. 1….

1555 Vesalius is credited with the first description of positive pressure ventilation, but it took 400 years to apply his concept to patient care. The occasion was the polio epidemic…

FIGURE 9.1 The influence of ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload) on end-diastolic pressure and peak systolic pressure. At any given end-diastolic volume, the increment from end-diastolic pressure to peak systolic pressure is…

On the Educational Valueof the Medical Society, inAequanimitas, 1904 The introduction of optical techniques for the continuous and noninvasive measurement of oxyhemoglobin saturation in blood (oximetry) and carbon dioxide in…

FIGURE 35.1 Illustration of the relationship between osmotic activity and the movement of water between fluid compartments. See text for explanation. Summary The following statements summarize the relationship between osmotic activity…

(99–55 BC) The fundamental goal of nutritional support is to provide the daily nutrient and energy needs of each patient. This chapter will describe how to evaluate those needs in…