Abstract Transforaminal epidural steroid injections and selective nerve root blocks provide an alternative intervention to interlaminar epidural injections to target radicular pain. The two former procedures differ regarding the final…
Abstract Low back pain is a major source of pain and suffering. A body of knowledge has accumulated over the years which suggests that many of the syndromes causing low…
Abstract Tai Chi is an ancient Chinese martial art with a growing interest. It is an aerobic exercise of mild to moderate intensity. The practice of Tai Chi involves an…
Abstract Acupuncture (AP) is widely practiced for acute and chronic pain management. National Institute of Health (NIH) consensus statement in 1997 demonstrated favorable results of AP treatments in postoperative pain,…
Abstract This chapter describes the physical medicine and rehabilitation approach to acute and chronic painful musculoskeletal complaints. It highlights the importance of treating the whole patient with the goal of…
Abstract Cannabis has been used in medicine for centuries. Modern understanding of the clinical effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of pain is evolving. Cannabinoid compounds include phytocannabinoids,…
Abstract Neuroablative surgical interventions involve the interruption of peripheral and central nervous system pain pathways. Although the rationale appears logical, the results have not been consistent. Newer treatments including neurostimulation…
Abstract Myofascial pain is thought to occur by peripheral and central mechanisms. Peripheral factors include trauma, dysregulated deep-tissue microcirculation, and altered muscular metabolism and mitochondrial function. Supraspinal mechanisms include decreased…
Abstract This chapter reviews the clinical pharmacology, therapeutic mechanisms, and side effects of corticosteroids, botulinum toxins, radiocontrast agents, and topical antiseptics. Corticosteroids are the most potent and effective agents in…
Abstract CRPS patients are routinely prescribed a combination of interventional procedures, physical therapy, antidepressants, antiinflammatory medications, antiepileptics, and opiates. Historically, limited options existed when these modalities fail. Recently, there is…
