Diplopia Zoe Williams Jonathan Strong THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Diplopia—colloquially referred to as “double vision”—is a challenging chief complaint in the emergency and urgent care setting. It is also an infrequent…

Pupils Paul Y. Ko Melissa W. Ko THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE A comprehensive understanding of a quick yet thorough pupillary exam is essential, because recognition of abnormal pupillary findings may be…

Angle Closure Glaucoma Sandra Fernando Sieminski Sanjay Mohan THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Angle closure is a process that results from appositional closure of the iridocorneal angle, or drainage angle of the…

Blunt Trauma and Open Globes Albert Lin Nicholas Hoda THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Severe blunt trauma to the eye can be a diagnostic dilemma owing to the wide variety of possible…

Open Angle and Traumatic Glaucoma Soshian Sarrafpour Magdalena Robak THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Although often thought of as a disease of increased intraocular pressure (IOP), the term glaucoma refers to a…

Nonaccidental Trauma Kirsten Bechtel Robin N. Ginsburg THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Child abuse is a pervasive problem in the United States of America (USA), with rates of maltreatment up to 8.9/1000…

Vitreous Detachment, Retinal Tear, and Retinal Detachment Peter W. Clark Christopher P. Hogrefe THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE The annual incidence of retinal detachment (RD) in the general population is reported to…

Infectious and Inflammatory Retinal Diseases Brittany E. Powell Victoria M. Hammond THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Infectious and inflammatory retinal diseases are typically progressive and have significant ocular morbidity. Early and accurate…

Vascular Retinopathies Avnish Deobhakta Daniel J. Egan THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Vascular retinopathies can represent a sentinel event for serious systemic illness. As such, once the diagnosis of a vascular retinopathy…

Leukocoria Kei U. Wong Matthew S. Pihlblad THE CLINICAL CHALLENGE Leukocoria, or “white pupil,” is an abnormal clinical finding of a white pupillary reflex (Figure 40.1). It is often the…