Risk • There are on the order of 100,000 aortic valve surgeries each year, with approximately 18,000 of them performed annually in the USA. • Of aortic valves, 20% to…

Risk • One percent of all congenital heart defects. • TAPVD, the severe form, or PAPVD, the less severe form, exists when pulm veins drain into the venous circulation. •…

Risk • Primarily in white adolescent females from middle- or upper-class families; 4% to 10% males. • More common in models, ballet students, and professions demanding high achievement. • Occurs…

Risk • Pts with mechanical heart valves, atrial fibrillation, pulm embolism, or recent venous thrombosis. • Oral anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, oral Xa inhibitor-rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) and direct thrombin inhibitor…

Risk • Rare: 1:125,000,000 • Clusters in Japan and Israel Perioperative Risks • Impaired thermoregulation (risk of fatal hyperpyrexia in infants) • Postop chest infections Perioperative Risks • Impaired thermoregulation…

Risk • Incidence in USA: 3 million. • Annual rates per 1000 new episodes of angina for non-African American men are 28.3 for ages 65–74, 36.3 for ages 75–84, and…

Risk • 1:2000 incidence in Caucasians; rare in non-Caucasians • M:F 10:1; more severe in males • 18-50% incidence in Native Americans Perioperative Risks • Difficult airway and atlantoaxial instability…

Risk • Lifetime prevalence of anaphylaxis is 0.05% to 2%, most common triggers being food, stings, and iatrogenic causes. • Occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 20,000…

Risk • Estimated incidence of 1-3:100,000. • Mean age of onset is in the 60s, but ALS can occur as early as the 20s. • Disease duration is approximately 3…

Risk • Autoimmune disorders (SLE, RA, scleroderma, cold agglutinin disease). • Lymphoproliferative disorders (CLL, NHL). • Prosthetic heart valves (ball-and-cage, and bileaflet valves). Usually subclinical, but can be severe in…