The appearance of many normal anatomic structures can be quite variable and may lead to pitfalls in diagnosis, resulting in unnecessary alarm and inappropriate intervention. These structures are distinct from…
Cornelis Kruger David Sidebotham Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function is an essential part—if not the primary focus—of every echocardiogram performed in cardiac surgical patients. A strong correlation between LV function and…
Epicardial echocardiography was first described in 1972. Subsequently, there have been a number of reports documenting its use, particularly during surgery, for congenital heart disease and mitral valve (MV) disease….
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a common problem among patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. For a number of conditions, notably hypertension (particularly if associated with LV…
At first glance, two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound images have much the same appearance as images made by two other common medical imaging modalities: X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. However, ultrasonic…
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physics and operating principles of instruments using the Doppler effect in cardiovascular diagnostics. Readers seeking more detail should consult Kremkau’s textbook, Hatle…
Abstract A thorough understanding of cardiovascular physiology is a cornerstone of patient management in the perioperative period. The primary role of the cardiovascular system is to provide sufficient blood flow…
Chapter Outline Normal Platelet Function and Hemostasis Mechanisms of Thrombin and Fibrin Generation Indirect Inhibitors of Thrombin Generation Historical Considerations Heparins Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Pentasaccharide Vitamin K Antagonists Direct Thrombin Inhibitors…
Abstract This chapter describes conventional concepts about body fluid spaces. It carefully describes physiological principles about fluid shifting in the body and responses to fluid challenges. It further describes different…
Abstract This chapter deals with electrolytes and diuretics. It thoroughly goes through pertinent facts about electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. Particular attention is paid to hypo-…
