Hemodynamic instability encompasses hypotension, low or (pathologically) high cardiac output, and abnormal filling pressures. Assessing hemodynamic instability is one of the most important indications for echocardiography in the operating room…
The examination of the thoracic aorta is an essential component of both routine and emergent echocardiographic examinations. The aorta and its major branches can be visualized with echocardiography using a…
The aortic valve (AV), left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and aortic root are positioned in the center of the heart close to the midesophagus and are separated from it by…
The aim in this chapter is to explain the theory underlying some quantitative and semiquantitative methods used in perioperative TEE to estimate cardiac output, to evaluate the orifice size in…
In 1996, the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the SCA published practice guidelines for perioperative TEE. Updated guidelines were published in 2010. For the updated 2010 practice guidelines, information was…
Appropriate care of TTE probes is essential to prolonging the life of the equipment and maintaining patient safety. For each type of probe, the manufacturer’s specific recommendations regarding cleaning, disinfection,…
Values provided below are from a range of sources. Wherever possible 2-D TEE values are given. In situations where these values are not available, or are poorly documented, transthoracic echocardiography…
To maximize the diagnostic yield from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), it is important to have an understanding of standard imaging views and important anatomic–echocardiographic relationships. Echocardiography is most commonly a two-dimensional…
Heart transplantation Assessment of potential recipients Echocardiography forms an integral part of the assessment of patients with end-stage heart failure who are being considered for cardiac transplantation Echocardiography provides information…
Three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiography is an exciting development with the potential to have a major impact on the practice of perioperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). While imaging the heart with 3-D TEE…
