Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is a common problem among patients with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. For a number of conditions, notably hypertension (particularly if associated with LV…
ANESTHESIA
Physical Principles, Ultrasonic Image Formation, and Artifacts
At first glance, two-dimensional (2-D) ultrasound images have much the same appearance as images made by two other common medical imaging modalities: X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance. However, ultrasonic…
Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the physics and operating principles of instruments using the Doppler effect in cardiovascular diagnostics. Readers seeking more detail should consult Kremkau’s textbook, Hatle…
Cardiovascular Physiology: Integrative Function
Abstract A thorough understanding of cardiovascular physiology is a cornerstone of patient management in the perioperative period. The primary role of the cardiovascular system is to provide sufficient blood flow…
Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy
Chapter Outline Normal Platelet Function and Hemostasis Mechanisms of Thrombin and Fibrin Generation Indirect Inhibitors of Thrombin Generation Historical Considerations Heparins Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Pentasaccharide Vitamin K Antagonists Direct Thrombin Inhibitors…
Intravascular Volume Replacement Therapy
Abstract This chapter describes conventional concepts about body fluid spaces. It carefully describes physiological principles about fluid shifting in the body and responses to fluid challenges. It further describes different…
Electrolytes and Diuretics
Abstract This chapter deals with electrolytes and diuretics. It thoroughly goes through pertinent facts about electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium. Particular attention is paid to hypo-…
Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy
Chapter Outline Hemoglobin and Volume Replacement Therapies Historical Aspects of Transfusion Packed Red Blood Cells Clinical Uses Side Effects Erythropoietin Side Effects Blood Substitutes Albumin Synthetic Colloids Hemostatic Interventions and…
Chemotherapy, Immunosuppression, and Anesthesia
Abstract In the United States, nearly 5% of the population has or has had cancer. Anesthetists frequently encounter patients in all stages of cancer and cancer treatment. This chapter highlights…
Pharmacology of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Abstract Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common problems following surgery. This chapter is designed to educate the readers on the spectrum of antiemetic therapy available, and to which populations…
