Quantitative Echocardiography
PRINCIPLES OF DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Print Section Listen Doppler color flow imaging has evolved as the method of noninvasively imaging blood flow through the heart by displaying flow data superimposed on…
ANESTHESIA
The TEE Probe
STRUCTURE AND DESIGN Print Section Listen Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) presents a unique opportunity to overcome the limitations posed by chest wall acoustic windows while allowing visualization of cardiac structures with…
Physics of Two-Dimensional and Doppler Imaging
BASICS OF ULTRASOUND1–3 Print Section Listen Nature and Properties of Ultrasound Waves Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 hertz. Frequencies higher than this range are…
Central nervous system
Questions 1. What is subarachnoid hemorrhage? 2. How is subarachnoid hemorrhage diagnosed? 3. How are patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage managed? 4. How is elevated intracranial pressure diagnosed and treated? 5….
Renal system
Questions 1. How is acute kidney injury defined? 2. What are the incidence and outcome of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit? 3. Explain the pathophysiology of acute…
Sepsis and multisystem organ dysfunction syndrome
Questions 1. Distinguish among systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, and multisystem organ dysfunction syndrome. 2. What are the pathophysiology and manifestations of sepsis-related organ dysfunction? 3….
Cardiovascular system
Questions 1. What are the etiology and pathophysiology of right ventricular failure? 2. What is the impact of chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension on right ventricular function? 3. How is right…
Respiratory failure
Questions 1. What is postoperative respiratory failure? 2. Describe the two main types of acute respiratory failure. 3. What are the indications for tracheal intubation in a patient with dyspnea?…
Thoracic trauma
Questions 1. What are the consequences of thoracic trauma? 2. How are traumatic pneumothorax and hemothorax managed in patients undergoing laparotomy for splenic injury? 3. What are the mechanisms of…
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Questions 1. Define acute respiratory distress syndrome. 2. What are the common causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome? 3. Explain the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome. 4. Describe the…
