Abstract Hypertension is a prevalent chronic disease associated with significant morbidity; early treatment is indicated to reduce end-organ damage and associated morbidity and mortality. First line treatments include diuretics, calcium…
Abstract This chapter reviews the pharmacology of vasopressors and inotropes used commonly in acute care settings. It focuses on the pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs to a greater degree than…
Abstract Oral opioids have been used for centuries for treating pain, with the modern era beginning in the 19th century with the discovery of morphine. Nonintravenous opioids can be categorized…
Chapter Outline Historical Perspective Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclic Antidepressants History Basic Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors History Basic Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Basic Pharmacology Clinical Pharmacology Atypical…
Chapter Outline Systems Physiology Management of Perioperative Pain Overview of the Nociceptive System Peripheral Nociception Nociceptor Classification Nociceptor Activation Signal Processing in the Dorsal Horn Structural Components Neurochemistry Spinal Mechanisms…
Abstract The metabolic demands of the brain are substantial and must be met with a continuous supply of glucose and oxygen. The cerebrovascular anatomy and physiology is designed to distribute…
Abstract Novel tools in neuroscience (genetic, optical, pharmacological) are being used to advance our understanding of the complexity and functioning of the brain, the primary target of general anesthesia. Anesthesiologists…
Chapter Outline Historical Perspective Structure and Mechanism of Adrenergic Receptors Endogenous Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Metabolism of Catecholamines Synthetic Catecholamine-Like Drugs D1-Receptor Agonists α 1 -Receptor Agonists Phenylephrine Methoxamine Midodrine…
Abstract Inhaled anesthetics, beginning with diethyl ether, were first introduced into clinical practice in the 1840s. Since then a wide variety of inhaled agents, including ethers, alkanes, nitrous oxide, cyclopropane,…
Abstract Core body temperature is highly regulated in humans by the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamus. General anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia, and drugs such as opioids all reduce…
