Abstract Strict antiseptic precautions and personal protective equipment should be used during the procedure. A single dose of prophylactic antibiotics with Cefazolin should be administered before the procedure. There is…
Abstract The cartilaginous and bony structures of the larynx include the hyoid bone as well as the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. The trachea begins below the cricoid cartilage. The hyoid…
Abstract There are three meninges covering the brain: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. The dura mater is the thickest and strongest membrane, and is firmly…
Abstract External landmarks: The axillary vessels start at the middle of the clavicle, course deep under the deltopectoral groove, and end at the lateral border of the axilla. The axillary…
Abstract Intracranial pressure (ICP) can be measured by a monitor placed into one of the lateral ventricles; in the subarachnoid, subdural, or epidural spaces; or in the brain parenchyma. ICP…
Abstract For trauma purposes the neck is divided into three distinct anatomical zones. Zone 1: from the sternal notch to the cricoid cartilage. Zone 2: from the cricoid cartilage to…
Abstract A large operating room (OR) situated near the emergency department, elevators, and ICU should be designated as the Trauma OR to facilitate the logistics of patient flow and minimize…
Abstract In this chapter, we consider spontaneous hemorrhage into the brain parenchyma and ventricles (intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH). Non-traumatic bleeding into the subarachnoid space (subarachnoid hemorrhage, SAH) is covered in Chapter…
Abstract Transient neurological symptoms often present a difficult diagnostic dilemma. It is often difficult to tell if the transient symptoms were due to ischemia or due to something else (see…
Abstract Most strokes are caused by the mechanisms already described, i.e., cardioembolism, atherosclerosis, and small-vessel disease, but at least 20% are due to other mechanisms. This is even more likely…
