Minimal sedation/anxiolysis Moderate sedation/analgesia (“conscious sedation”) Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimulation Purposeful** response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful** response following repeated or painful…
Monophasic Biphasic Current direction Unidirectional Bidirectional Waveform Positive Sinusoidal Rectilinear Typical energy level 200–300 Joules 100–200 Joules Median successful energy for cardioversion of AF 200 Joules 100 Joules Biphasic…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Basavana G. Goudra and Preet Mohinder Singh (eds.)Out of Operating Room Anesthesia10.1007/978-3-319-39150-2_12 12. Anesthesia and Sedation Strategies in Electrophysiology: General Concepts Anjan Trikha1 , Bharathram Vasudevan1 and Anuradha Borle1 (1) Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain…
Medication Short acting or ultra-short acting anesthetics in order to avoid post procedure depression of respiratory function e.g., Propofol, Remifentanil Anesthesia technique TIVA in most cases. Inhalation anesthesia in patients…
Agent Alcohol Phenol Concentration 100% 3–12% Diluent None Glycerin Patient position Lateral (bedside upwards) Lateral (bedside down) Added tilt Semi-prone Semi-supine Painful side Uppermost Lowermost Injection causes Immediate burn Painless…
Fig. 35.1 Posterior view of an anatomic model depicting the insertion site for an interlaminar epidural injection at the L5-S1 level Fig. 35.2 Posterior view of an anatomic model depicting…
Fig. 40.1 Incidence of osteoporotic disease VCFs typically arise in an area with fewer bony trabeculae , which leads to a decrease in tensile strength, endplate compression, and finally a…
Fig. 53.1 Nevro Corp. Senza IPG and SCS leads capable of HF10 therapy Clinical Studies Demonstrating Efficacy of High-Frequency Stimulation There is increasing clinical evidence on the efficacy of high-frequency…
Fig. 73.1 Healthcare spending per capita [4] The elements of cost can be divided into the cost of direct healthcare services as well as the cost of doing business. This…
Increased centralization of blood volume Decreased heart rate Increased work of breathing Increased cardiac output Increased sodium and potassium excretion Increased intramuscular blood flow Increased plasma levels of dopamine Decreased…
