Preservation of Renal Function
Introduction A rapid decline in glomerular filtration evidenced by the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) reflects acute kidney injury (AKI), a common major medical problem…
Perioperative Management of Renal Failure and Renal Transplant
Introduction Safely guiding the patient with renal failure through the perioperative period presents a challenging set of problems such as the substantial comorbidity associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the…
Evaluation and Treatment of Acute Oliguria
* Previous edition author. Oliguria is a one of the commonest clinical problems encountered by critically ill patients. The prevalence of the problem has been difficult to establish because of…
Treatment of Perioperative Ischemia, Infarction, and Ventricular Failure in Cardiac Surgery
Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction Definition Perioperative myocardial ischemia is difficult to define, as it represents a continuum with clinically irrelevant events at one end of the spectrum and myocardial…
Prevention and Management of Perioperative Dysrhythmias
Introduction Cardiac dysrhythmias are quite common in the general population. In fact, approximately 33 million people worldwide experience atrial fibrillation, and the leading cause of sudden cardiac death is ventricular…
Hematologic Risk Assessment
Hematologic risk assessment (HRA) involves evaluating and managing needs for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion as well as the integrity of a patient’s coagulation ability, including intrinsic bleeding disorders or…
Perioperative Management of Valvular Heart Disease
Preoperative Assessment Valvular heart disease (VHD) is frequently observed in patients undergoing surgery. As the medical and minimally invasive management of coronary artery disease increases, the number of patients with…
Prevention of Ischemic Injury in Noncardiac Surgery
Introduction Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of death in the early postoperative period. Perioperative ischemia can be caused by either acute coronary thrombosis or by a…
Pulmonary Risk Assessment
Introduction Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) have undeniable clinical relevance because they are frequent and impose a significant burden of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The reported incidence of PPCs varies considerably…
Prevention of Ischemic Injury in Cardiac Surgery
The development of the heart-lung machine by John and Mary Gibbon over a half-century ago ushered in the modern era of cardiac surgery. Prior to 1953, the emerging field of…
