Abstract For vascular trauma purposes the abdomen is divided into four retroperitoneal anatomical areas: Zone 1: The midline retroperitoneum from the aortic hiatus to the sacral promontory is broken into…
Abstract Both kidneys have similar muscular surroundings. Posteriorly, the diaphragm covers the upper third of each kidney. Medially, the lower two-thirds of the kidney lie against the psoas muscle, and…
Abstract The inferior vena cava (IVC) is formed by the confluence of the common iliac veins, just anterior to the L5 vertebral body, and posterior to the right common iliac…
Abstract The upper arm has two muscle compartments: the anterior, which includes the biceps, and the posterior, which includes the triceps muscle. The forearm has two major compartments: the anterior…
Abstract The arm is divided into two muscle compartments: The anterior compartment, which contains the biceps, the brachialis, and coracobrachialis, all innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. The posterior compartment, which…
Abstract Deep partial thickness and full thickness circumferential or near circumferential burns of the neck, chest, abdomen, or extremities can cause serious local or systemic complications and need surgical release…
Abstract Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) provides a closed, moist environment with a regulated level of negative pressure to the wound bed, stimulating perfusion and granulation tissue formation, reduction of…
Abstract Deep partial or full thickness skin wounds, with an underlying vascularized bed, may be closed by autologous skin grafting, especially if healing by contracture would lead to prolonged healing…
Abstract The lower leg venous system consists of the superficial (greater saphenous vein) and deep (femoral vein) systems. Duplicated saphenous systems exist in the calf and thigh in approximately 25%…
Abstract The brachial artery lies in the groove between the biceps and triceps muscles. The proximal brachial artery lies medial to the humerus and moves anterior as it progresses distally….
