html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”> 16 Monitoring the Critically Ill, Pregnant Patient LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the chapter the reader will be able to: outline the relevant physiological changes that occur…
Acquired Defences Humoral Immunity Exposure to a certain infectious disease creates a resistance to that disease. Specialised blood proteins called antibodies are produced which bind to the infectious agent or…
The neurological status of the patient should be evaluated and closely monitored; in brief, the conscious level, motor movement, sensory pupil size and reaction to light should be examined. In…
Table 11.2 provides a comprehensive guide to the relevant monitoring required when a patient is receiving TPN. In particular the nurse should be alert to the possible complications of TPN….
Hiatus hernia Gastritis Peptic ulcers Tumours Oesophagogastric dismotility Pyloric stenosis result of chronic peptic ulcerationBiliary tractGallstones Hepatoma Metastic liver diseaseSmall and large intestineCrohn’s disease Irritable bowel syndrome ObstructionMetabolicUraemia Diabetic ketoacidosis…
The GCS can be used by different observers and still produce a consistent assessment and has been found to be reliable and easy to use (Ciechanowski et al. 2009). However,…
Unfortunately, most in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrests are caused by either asystole (39%) (Fig. 1.2) or pulseless electrical activity (PEA) (37%) (i.e. no pulse, but an ECG trace that would normally be…
Resuscitation Council UK (2011) Causes of Altered Conscious Level Causes of altered conscious level include: severe hypoxia poor cerebral perfusion drugs, e.g. sedatives, opioids cerebral pathology hypercapnia hypoglycaemia alcohol Treatment…
