Anesthesia Key

Fig. 7.1 Metaxalone was approved as a muscle relaxant in the 1960s when two small studies suggested benefit in degree of low back spasm over the painful area and decreased…

Fig. 1.1 Schematic displays the defining psychophysical properties that characterize the pain report after an acute high-intensity stimulus (left) and that after a local tissue injury (right). As indicated, in…

Fig. 15.1 In the top row, the three schematics for gas chromatography show that samples containing morphine, hydrocodone, and a combination of the two can be distinguished from one another…

Fig. 10.1 Intracellular opioid actions (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) Fig. 10.2 Opioid receptors, pre- and postsynaptic (With permission from Trescot et al. [5]) The dopaminergic system in…

Fig. 18.1 Putative mechanism of endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signaling in the nervous system. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate triggers the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC)-diacylglycerol lipase (DGL)…

Fig. 14.1 Molecular structure of methadone Methadone’s activity at opioid sub-receptors is unique. Like morphine, methadone has agonist affinity for both the mu and delta opioid receptors. However, in animal…

Fig. 11.1 Causes of opioid-induced nausea and/or vomiting Since tolerance to opioid-induced nausea and vomiting usually develops within days, prolonged treatment, if any, is usually not needed. Often, decreasing the…

A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the 12-month period:…

Fig. 2.1 Framework of genetic background influencing the response to analgesic drugs The second, more traditional, and better established component of pain related genomics is called pharmacogenomics of pain management…