Petechiae and Purpura
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Purpura may be a sign of an underlying life-threatening illness that requires immediate attention. Petechiae above the nipple line with a history of cough or…
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Chlamydia and gonorrhea are most common among 15- to 19-year-old women. Throughout the United States, medical care for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be provided…
Male Genitourinary Problems
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Acute scrotal pain is usually caused by testicular torsion, epididymitis, or torsion of the appendix testis, and should be considered a surgical emergency until proven…
Urinary Tract Diseases
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) may be nonspecific in neonates and young infants. Urinary catheterization is the preferred method for obtaining…
Specific Renal Syndromes
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Edema, hematuria, and oliguria suggest acute glomerulonephritis. Children with nephrotic syndrome are usually immunocompromised and are at risk for life-threatening infection. Patients with hemolytic uremic…
Hypo- and Hypernatremia Abnormalities
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Sodium concentration reflects both the sodium and water contents of the body. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is one of the primary regulatory hormones for sodium concentration….
Hypo- and Hyperkalemia Abnormalities
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Serum potassium levels reflect only 2% of total body potassium. Therapy for hyperkalemia is aimed at halting intake, stabilizing cellular membranes, intracellular translocation, and enhancing…
Hypo- and Hypercalcemia Abnormalities
HIGH YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Less than one percent of the body’s calcium is in the circulation. Only the ionized form of circulating calcium is physiologically active. Parathyroid hormone…
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Fluid therapy is guided by knowledge of the composition, distribution, and movement of body water. Fluid requirements are divided into three parts: Maintenance fluids Deficit…
Acid–Base Disturbances in Children
HIGH-YIELD FACTS Print Section Listen Metabolic acidosis is usually accompanied by respiratory compensation (tachypnea). Chronic respiratory acidosis is usually accompanied by gradual metabolic compensation (increases in serum bicarbonate). Acute respiratory…
