Proteinuria and Hematuria
Chapter 148 Proteinuria and Hematuria Joanne Sandberg-Cook Proteinuria and hematuria are relatively common findings on routine urinalysis. However, these findings can also be signs of serious disease or neoplasm. For…
Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 143 Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract Lindsey Law Tumors of the gastrointestinal tract may be benign or malignant. It is essential that malignant tumors be identified as early as…
Infections of the Central Nervous System
Chapter 197 Infections of the Central Nervous System Daniel W. O’Neill, Robyn M. Jennings Definition and Epidemiology Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) consist primarily of meningitis (inflammation of…
Diabetes Mellitus
Chapter 206 Diabetes Mellitus Mary E. Wood Definition and Epidemiology Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder seen in primary care and a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD),…
Valvular Heart Disease and Cardiac Murmurs
Chapter 126 Valvular Heart Disease and Cardiac Murmurs Cathleen Crowley-Koschnitzki When a murmur is heard for the first time, it is important to determine whether it is from a pathologic…
Fungal Infections (Superficial)
Chapter 54 Fungal Infections (Superficial) Melissa A. Hall Superficial fungal infections are common problems. Greater exposure to fungal pathogens is occurring in the health and fitness–minded population, in debilitated patients…
Diarrhea, Noninfectious
Chapter 132 Diarrhea, Noninfectious Michelle Freshman Definition and Epidemiology Diarrhea is generally appreciated as an increase in stool frequency of more than three stools per day, typically appearing loose or…
Raynaud Phenomenon
Chapter 217 Raynaud Phenomenon Lin A. Brown Definition and Epidemiology Raynaud phenomenon is a reversible vasospastic disorder that affects the blood flow to the digits. When these changes occur in…
Constipation
Chapter 131 Constipation Courtney L. Betts Definition and Epidemiology Constipation, one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States, results in almost 8 million primary care visits each…
Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
Chapter 210 Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia Terry Mahan Buttaro Specialist referral is indicated for serum sodium levels of less than 125 mEq/L or more than 155 mEq/L. Hypernatremia Definition and Epidemiology Hypernatremia affects…
