Metabolic Primary central nervous system Toxidromes/toxins • Hypoxia• Hypoglycemia• Hyponatremia• Hypocalcemia• Hypomagnesemia• Inborn errors of metabolism • Trauma• Infections• Cerebral vascular accident• Hemorrhage• Vasculitis• Seizure disorder with other medical condition•…
Classic The hallmark presentation is pain that is out of proportion to injury or findings. Patients will describe the pain as “deep”, “burning,” and “unrelenting” with difficulty in localization. Pain…
Grade Hematoma Laceration I Subcapsular, <10% surface area Capsular tear, <1 cm parenchymal depth II Subcapsular, 10–50% surface area; intraparenchymal <5 cm in diameter Capsular tear, 1–3 cm parenchymal depth…
Zones Landmarks Structures/considerations I Defined inferiorly by clavicles and superiorly by the cricoid cartilage In addition to neck structures (e.g., trachea, esophagus, neck vessels), consider injuries to thoracic structures, i.e.,…
Mechanism Injury Flexion Teardrop fracture Atlanto-occipital dislocation (AOD) Odontoid fracture, Type III Chance fracture Extension Hangman’s fracture (C2) Vertical compression, axial load Jefferson fracture (C1) Burst fracture Primary spinal cord…
