Esophageal Perforation and Acute Mediastinitis Jason W. Smith Christopher H. Wigfield Robert B. Love Esophageal Perforation Introduction Esophageal perforation is both a highly lethal disease and primarily a surgical problem,…
Withdrawal Syndromes Paul M. Wax Jennifer Smith As many as 25% of hospitalized adult patients at a university hospital may have a history of ethanol dependence and abuse [1]. Anticipation…
Amphetamines Michael C. Beuhler Introduction The term “amphetamine” includes a wide range of amine compounds with sympathetic-like effects. The simplest member of this group is amphetamine, but there are hundreds…
Sedative–Hypnotic Agent Poisoning Andis Graudins Sedative–hypnotics include benzodiazepines (BZDs), barbiturates, non-BZD nonbarbiturate agents (NBNBs), and some muscle relaxants. The barbiturates and “bromides” were the first to become available. In the…
Phencyclidine and Hallucinogen Poisoning Frank F. Daly Luke Yip* *The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the agency or the United States. Phencyclidine Phencyclidine (phenyl-cyclohexyl-piperidine, or PCP) is…
Pesticide Poisoning William K. Chiang Richard Y. Wang A pesticide is as an agent intended for killing, preventing, repelling, or mitigating any pest. With the increasing use, environmental contamination and…
Opioid Poisoning Robert P. Dowsett Luke Yip* *The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the agency or the United States. Natural opioids (e.g., morphine and codeine) are harvested…
Methylxanthine Poisoning Michael W. Shannon† †Deceased. The methylxanthines most commonly used in the clinical setting are theophylline and its ethylenediamine salt, aminophylline. Until recently, theophylline was used exclusively as a…
Lithium Poisoning Kent R. Olson Thanjira Jiranantakan Lithium was introduced in the nineteenth century for the treatment of gout. Apparently, toxicity was rarely encountered because of low recommended doses. In…
