2. The distal convoluted tubule comes into very close contact with the afferent glomerular arteriole, and the cells of each are modified to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus, a complex physiological…
2. Application of local anesthetics typically produces a concentration-dependent decrease in the peak sodium current. D. Mechanism of Nerve Blockade 1. Local anesthetics block peripheral nerves by disrupting the transmission…
3. Whereas activation of the SNS produces a diffuse physiologic response (mass reflex), activation of the PNS produces more discrete responses. For example, vagal stimulation may produce bradycardia with no…
TABLE 27-5 TECHNIQUES OF COMMON AIRWAY INDEXES MEASUREMENT Thyromental distance: Measured along a straight line from tip of mentum to thyroid notch in neck-extended position Mouth opening: Interincisor distance (or…
d. In adults, the right mainstem bronchus leaves the trachea at approximately 25 degrees from the vertical tracheal axis; the angle of the left mainstem bronchus is approximately 45 degrees….
3. Tidal volume is about the same in neonates as in children and adults on a volume per kilogram body weight measure, but the respiratory rate is increased in neonates…
TABLE 46-1 EFFECTS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON RECEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS Increased number of β-receptorsDecreased number of cardiac cholinergic receptors TABLE 46-2 TESTS OF THYROID FUNCTION 2. Anesthesia for thyroid surgery (subtotal thyroidectomy)…
2. Systemic vascular tone is low in children up to 8 years of age, as evidenced by the lack of a change in blood pressure when caudal or epidural blocks…
GFR = glomerular filtration rate. V. CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION A. Corneas are the most common organs transplanted in the United States being performed under local anesthesia (often with intravenous sedation) or…
d. Minimally invasive surgery techniques have not been shown to be justified by superior clinical benefits. 2. Anesthetic Management. General anesthesia is preferred for essentially all thoracic and lumbar spine…
