A Assisted reproductive technologies 1. Introduction a) Procedure overview Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) refers to all techniques used to retrieve and fertilize human oocytes. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common…
C Spinal cord injuries 1. Introduction Spinal cord transection is the description of spinal cord injury that is manifested as paralysis of the lower extremities (paraplegia) or of all extremities (quadriplegia)….
B Lumbar laminectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Lumbar laminectomy is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or spinal cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an intervertebral disk or…
L Ventriculoperitoneal shunt 1. Introduction A ventriculoperitoneal shunt is placed to relieve increased CSF pressure. The hydrocephalus may be caused by a congenital defect, cyst, tumor, trauma, infection, or CBF absorption…
A Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion 1. Introduction Anterior cervical diskectomy or fusion is most commonly performed for symptomatic nerve root or cord compression. Compression may occur from protrusion of an…
J Transsphenoidal tumor resections 1. Introduction Approximately 10% of intracranial neoplasms are found in the pituitary gland and are diagnosed because of their mass effects or the hypersecretion of pituitary hormones….
Most sensitive noninvasive monitorEarliest detector (before air enters pulmonary circulation) NonquantitativeMay be difficult to place in obese patients, patients with chest wall deformity, or patients in the prone or lateral…
I Stereotactic surgery 1. Introduction Stereotactic surgery is a neurosurgical technique that makes detailed use of the relationship between the three-dimensional space occupied by intracranial structures or lesions and an extracranial…
G Epilepsy surgery 1. Introduction Surgery is recommended for patients with epilepsy when seizure control is intractable to conventional medical treatment. The goal of epilepsy surgery is to remove a focal…
BSA, Body surface area; CVP, cardioventricular pacing; DIA BP, diastolic blood pressure; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; HR, heart rate; LVEDP, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; PAP, peak airway pressure;…
