H Hyperparathyroidism Definition and incidence Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized and diagnosed by the presence of elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels despite high serum calcium levels. The incidence of primary…
G Hypoaldosteronism Definition Hypoaldosteronism causes hyperkalemia in the absence of renal insufficiency. Isolated deficiency of aldosterone secretion may reflect congenital deficiency of aldosterone synthetase or hyporeninemia resulting from a defect…
F Hyperaldosteronism Definition Conn’s syndrome, the most common form of primary aldosteronism, results from hypersecretion of aldosterone from an adrenal adenoma independent of stimulus. Pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism may also be…
D Diabetes insipidus Definition Diabetes insipidus (DI) reflects the absence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) owing to the destruction of the posterior pituitary gland (neurogenic DI) or failure of the renal…
C Cushing’s disease Definition Cushing’s syndrome results in diverse complex symptoms, signs, and biochemical abnormalities caused by excess glucocorticoid hormone. Pathophysiology The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome today is…
*Relative to cortisol. Data from Stoelting RK, Hillier SC. Pharmacology and Physiology in Anesthetic Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:462. A typical oral replacement dose for Addison’s…
A Acromegaly Definition Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (99% of cases), can produce a highly distinctive syndrome in adults called acromegaly. Acromegaly occurs because…
L Spinal cord injury Definition The spinal cord is vulnerable to trauma, compression by intradural or extradural tumors, and vascular injuries. Incidence and prevalence Approximately 11,000 persons each year sustain…
20% normally). LVEDP is often elevated, causing symptoms of pulmonary congestion despite normal LV contractility. LVEDP values that are normal may, in fact, represent a patient who is hypovolemic. Diagnosis…
J Parkinson’s disease Definition Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome that consists of four cardinal signs: tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and postural disturbances (TRAP). Parkinson’s disease is a common cause of TRAP…
