Colonoscopy
D Colonoscopy 1. Introduction Colonoscopy is used to examine the colon and rectum to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and granulomatous colitis. Polyps can be removed through the colonoscope….
Cholecystectomy
B Cholecystectomy 1. Introduction Surgery of the upper abdomen is used in the treatment of gallstones and other diseases of the gallbladder. Open cholecystectomy is performed in patients with adhesions, previous…
Valvular heart disease
F Valvular heart disease Aortic stenosis Disease of the aortic valve may present as aortic valvular stenosis, insufficiency, or a combination of both. Valvular heart disease is usually caused by…
Anal fistulotomy and fistulectomy
A Anal fistulotomy and fistulectomy 1. Introduction Most perianal fistulas arise as a result of infection within the anal glands located at the dentate line (cryptoglandular fistula). Fistulas may also arise…
Pacemakers
The two most common types of pacemakers are VVI and DDD. Automatic internal cardiac defibrillator Internal cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are used in populations that are at high risk of sudden…
Minimally invasive coronary artery bypass techniques
CCO, Continuous cardiac output; ICU, intensive care unit; LV, left ventricular, MIDCAB, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; PAC, pulmonary artery catheter, SVo2,…
Ablation procedures
A Ablation procedures Maze and mini-maze procedures The MAZE procedure is offered to patients at high risk for stroke who have unsuccessful attempts at pharmacologic treatment. It is an “open-heart”…
Automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator
B Automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator Definition Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators are surgically implanted to prevent sudden cardiac death from malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. These are self-contained diagnostic devices that continuously monitor…
Systemic lupus erythematosus
G Systemic lupus erythematosus Definition Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of connective tissues that affects multiple organ systems with periods of remissions and exacerbations. Incidence and…
