Paediatric Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Assessment of child with fever Measurement of temperature: Age <4 weeks: electronic thermometer in axilla 4 weeks to 5 years: electronic…
Infectious Disease Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Sepsis definitions SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME CRITERIA: Requires two or more of the following: Temperature >38 C or <36 degrees Centigrade…
Haematological and Oncological Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Causes of neutropenia (total neutrophil count <1 × 10/L regardless of total white cell count) Infections: bacterial; viral; rickettsial; parasitic Drugs:…
Gastrointestinal Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Causes of dysphagia Oropharyngeal Neurological motility disorder: stroke; movement disorders (Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; multiple sclerosis; bulbar…
Renal and Urological Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Causes of red urine Macroscopic haematuria Haemoglobinuria (haemolysis) Myoglobinuria Drugs: rifampicin; metronidazole; warfarin; nitrofurantoin Menstruation Food: beetroot (anthrocyanin); red cabbage; blackberries;…
Neurological and Psychiatric Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Stroke Stroke is a clinical diagnosis, associated with an acute presentation of ongoing focal neurological deficit that cannot be explained by…
Toxicological Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ABCD assessment in poisoning Airway: signs of obstruction (caustic ingestion; ACE inhibitors); loss of protective airway reflexes (CNS depression; seizures); increased…
Emergencies in the Elderly
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Factors predisposing to falls General: Advancing age Female gender Environmental hazards Previous falls Living alone Physiological/functional Muscle weakness Impaired balance/gait Impaired…
Ocular Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Causes of acute red eye Uniocular Painless Normal vision: Subconjunctival haemorrhage Episcleritis Pterygium Pingueculum Conjunctivitis Painful Normal vision: Corneal stain: Negative…
Gynaecological Emergencies
(1) Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with underlying pelvic pathology and can lead to ED attendance. Causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea Lower genital tract:…
