Anesthesia Key

Introduction Low back pain is a common condition affecting up to 80% of adults in the United States over the course of their lives. This pain is often caused by…

Introduction Direct decompression of the spinal cord through laminectomy and removal of ligaments has been a traditionally common treatment for central canal stenosis. During laminectomy, there is a successive removal…

Introduction The interspinous spacer procedure provides patients with a minimally invasive solution that is designed to deliver long-term relief from the leg and back pain associated with lumbar spinal stenosis…

Introduction Acute back pain can be severe and debilitating, and if not appropriately treated, can lead to recurrent symptoms in the majority of paitents. One of the leading causes of…

Introduction Minimally invasive lumbar decompression (MILD) is an image-guided approach used in the treatment of symptomatic lumbar central spinal stenosis. This procedure is a good option for patients who are…

Introduction Foraminal stenosis and herniated discs are common pathologies seen in primary care and chronic pain clinics. The radicular pain caused by these anatomic abnormalities may be difficult to manage…

Introduction Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the one of the most common diagnoses in spine practice for patients with lower back pain and radiculopathy, with an estimated prevalence of 2%–3%….

Introduction Surgical decompression is the main objective for many spinal procedures. Decompression may be performed in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine, from a single approach or a combination…

Cervical spine The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae, with the first two vertebrae known as the atlas (C1) and axis (C2). The atlas contains a thick anterior arch…