Fig. 35.1 Clark-type oxygen electrode When a voltage of 700 mV is applied across the electrodes the following reactions occur: Cathode: O2 + 2H20 + 4e− = 4OH− Electrolyte: KCl + OH− = KOH + Cl− Anode: Ag + Cl− = AgCl + e− The amount of electrons…
Fig. 37.1 The safe zone of mechanical ventilation. UIP upper inflection point, LIP lower inflection point 37.2 Classification of Mechanical Ventilation Classifying mechanical ventilators has evolved into a confusing, complex, and…
Osmolarity refers to the concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution expressed in milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) Plasma osmolarity is calculated based on the following osmotically active particles in…
Term Definition Agreement studies Studies assessing how well different methods of measuring the same underlying quantity agree with each other. Typical analyses are Bland-Altman methods (see Bland-Altman) including plotting differences…
Fig. 20.1 Thermoregulatory responses (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2015–2017. All Rights Reserved) Fig. 20.2 Thermoregulatory thresholds The ability to react accordingly is based on…
Age Diabetes Sex Hypertension treated Emergency Previous cardiac event ASA class Congestive cardiac failure within 30 days Chronic steroid use Dyspnea Ascites within 30 days Current smoker Systemic sepsis within 48 h Severe…
Fig. 6.1 Barbituric acid ring (Reprinted with permission, Cleveland Clinic Center for Medical Art & Photography © 2016. All Rights Reserved) Table 6.1 Structure activity relationship Substitution Effect Position 5 Aryl…
Opioid receptors Receptor Site of analgesic action Action Mu1 Supraspinal Analgesia, euphoria, confusion, and nausea Mu2 Spinal analgesia and supraspinal (brain stem) actions Respiratory depression, cardiovascular (bradycardia) and gastrointestinal effects…
Fig. 14.1 Illustration of the coagulation cascade with its intrinsic (contact activation) and extrinsic (tissue factor) pathway. Each pathway generates a series of reactions in which inactive circulating enzymes and their…
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018Ehab Farag, Maged Argalious, John E. Tetzlaff and Deepak Sharma (eds.)Basic Sciences in Anesthesiahttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62067-1_31 31. Special Problems in Anesthesia John E. Tetzlaff1 (1) Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University,…
