Provocative Discogram
CHAPTER 31 Provocative Discogram Vikram B. Patel and Sudhir Diwan INTRODUCTION Discography has been practiced by interventional pain physicians for the last few decades in an attempt to identify the…
Hydrosurgery of Disc
CHAPTER 33 Hydrosurgery of Disc Didier Demesmin and Sagar Parikh INDICATIONS Hydrodiscectomy is a form of disc decompression within the realm of minimally invasive discectomy that is an effective, predictable…
EMG and Nerve Conduction Studies
CHAPTER 12 EMG and Nerve Conduction Studies Bridget T. Carey OVERVIEW In the practice of pain medicine, nerve conduction studies and electromyography provide useful information through the diagnosis of peripheral…
Radiofrequency Neurolysis
CHAPTER 80 Radiofrequency Neurolysis Anand Thakur and Peter S. Staats INTRODUCTION A careful history and physical examination that implicates the lumbar facets/zygapophyseal joints and its innervations via the lumbar medial…
Obturator Nerve Block
CHAPTER 63 Obturator Nerve Block Arthur Atchabahian INDICATIONS The obturator nerve innervates a portion of the hip joint, most of the adductor muscles, a variable portion of the medial aspect…
Commercially Available Reservoir Options for Intrathecal Drug Delivery
CHAPTER 65 Commercially Available Reservoir Options for Intrathecal Drug Delivery Corey W. Hunter and David Caraway INTRODUCTION The presence of abundant opioid mu receptors in the dorsal horns of the…
Intradiscal Biacuplasty
CHAPTER 36 Intradiscal Biacuplasty Mark Yelle and Leonardo Kapural INTRODUCTION Approximately 45% of back pain can be attributed to discogenic source.1,2 Lumbar discogenic pain is typically caused by pathophysiological changes…
Superior and Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Blocks
CHAPTER 48 Superior and Inferior Hypogastric Plexus Blocks Agnes Stogicza INTRODUCTION The hypogastric plexus is the extension of the aortic plexus in the retroperitoneal space, below the aortic bifurcation. The…
Atlanto-Occipital Joint Injections
CHAPTER 14 Atlanto-Occipital Joint Injections Andrea Trescot INTRODUCTION The atlanto-occipital (AO) and atlanto-axial (AA) joints are unique joints in the spine, connecting the cervical region to the base of the…
Stellate Ganglion Block
CHAPTER 42 Stellate Ganglion Block Richard S. Epter Stellate ganglion blockade has been utilized since the 1920s to treat a variety of medical conditions. Although blind stellate ganglion blockade had…
