Caudal Anesthesia
Figure 8.1. Sacral anatomy, lateral view. A needle directed through the sacral–coccygeal membrane at a 45-degree angle will usually “pop” through the ligament and contact the anterior bone of the…
Local Anesthetic Clinical Pharmacology
Figure 2.1. Disposition of sites for local anesthetics following peripheral nerve blocks. Nonspecific binding to extraneuronal tissues (e.g., tissue proteins, fat) and uptake into the blood stream limit the amount…
Premedication and Monitoring
II. Drugs A. Opioids. The opioid class of drugs produce analgesia and sedation without loss of consciousness. Therefore, they are excellent in enhancing patient cooperation and in reducing the discomfort…
