B. Factors contributing to the difficult airway. Difficult mask ventilation, difficult laryngoscopy, and difficult intubation are factors that contribute to a difficult airway. 1. Difficult mask ventilation and difficult laryngoscopy occurs…
6. Individualized risk assessment determines choice of modality. The risk of iatrogenic premature delivery, prompted by false-positive testing results, must be considered. B. Screening ultrasound survey 1. A screening ultrasound exam is commonly…
(1) The Cobb angle measures the degree of spinal curvature (see Fig. 26.2). Minor curves (10 to 20 degrees) occur in approximately 2% of adolescents in the United States. These are…
B. First stage of labor. Pain during the first stage of labor is essentially visceral in nature and occurs due to a combination of both uterine contractions and endocervical dilation. Although…
a. Decreased maternal O2 tension is an uncommon cause of intrapartum fetal asphyxia. Clinical situations that may result in decreased maternal O2 tension and fetal hypoxia include anemia, pulmonary edema, smoking,…
B. Maternal comorbidities. Obesity is implicated as a direct cause in the development of disease in many organ systems (see Table 29.1). As maternal body mass index (BMI) increases, the…
1. Relevant American Society of Anesthesiologists standards a. Basic Standards for Preanesthesia Care Approved 1987, last amended 2010.11 In summary, these standards apply to all patients who receive anesthesia care. These standards…
I. American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: recommendations for postpartum sterilization II. Postpartum anatomic and physiologic changes A. Cardiovascular changes B. Gastrointestinal changes III. Timing of postpartum…
2. Severe features of preeclampsia include BP ≥160/100 mm Hg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart; thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000 per μL); impaired liver function; severe persistent right upper…
b. Reflexology involves the act of applying pressure to the “reflex” points on the feet and palms. Reflexology has not only been used for pain relief but also for treating nausea,…
