Anesthesia Key

An association between benzodiazepine use and oral cleft anomalies was reported in the 1970s, but later case-control and prospective studies failed to demonstrate a relationship between oral cleft anomalies and…

         II.Asthma A. Introduction 1.   Asthma presentation and symptoms. Asthma causes episodic partially reversible airway obstruction resulting from bronchoconstriction, inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and mucous plugging. Symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, difficulty breathing, and…

I. Introduction II. Focused cardiac ultrasound A. Introduction B. Techniques C. Clinical applications D. FoCUS training, certification, and program maintenance III. Pulmonary ultrasound A. Introduction B. Technique C. Applications IV….

3.   Left heart obstruction (mitral valve area <2 cm2, aortic valve area <1.5 cm2, or peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient >30 mm Hg by echocardiography) 4.   Reduced left ventricular function (ejection…

2.   Despite the very low incidence of neurologic injury, it represents a significant contributor to malpractice litigation. Davies et al.11 performed an obstetric anesthesia closed claims analysis of 426 claims from…

Vascular spasm, mediated by vasoconstrictor substances released from platelets, reduces blood flow and occurs in the first stages of hemostasis. Damaged endothelium attracts platelets, which adhere to it, forming a…

2.   Fetal lung development takes place throughout pregnancy, and lung maturation continues well into the neonatal period. The pulmonary transition that occurs in the fetus is initiated before labor begins. Cortisol…

C. Assessment of renal function during pregnancy 1.   Renal function is commonly assessed by two techniques. The first measures serum levels of creatinine and BUN. However, these serum values will not…