Fig. 39.1 Epidural electrode implantation scar at midline thoracolumbar junction. The superior edge of the wound is dehisced with thick purulent drainage. A deep pocket of pus was identified on…

  Indication for anticoagulation therapy Risk stratum for thrombotic events Mechanical heart valves Atrial fibrillation Venous thromboembolism High risk >10% annual risk for thromboembolism Any mitral valve prosthesis Any caged-ball…

Fig. 31.1 2003 Polyanalgesic Consensus recommendations [7] The 2012 Polyanalgesic Consensus on medications used for intrathecal drug delivery systems also differentiates between optimal treatments for neuropathic and nociceptive pain [9]…

Complication Frequency (%) Electrode migration 1.5–13.2 Hardware malfunction • Electrode • IPG 3–9 3–25 Infection 2.5–14 Cerebrospinal fluid leakage 0.3–8 Pain at the incisions, IPG site 0.9–12 Subcutaneous hematoma or seroma 9…

Fig. 12.1 Sagittal T2 MRI with cervical spinal levels identified; note the limited CSF signal (bright white on T2) in the cervical spine as compared with the thoracic spine Fig….

Fig. 52.1 Cervical spine x-ray with findings suggestive of gas density within the posterior soft tissues of the neck Fig. 52.2 Computed tomography scan with contrast of the head, neck,…

Fig. 35.1 Picture of the snail Fig. 35.2 Mechanism of action of conotoxin 35.2.2 N-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel In the nervous system, calcium is highly metabolically active and plays an…

Fig. 32.1 Clinical decision tree to assess etiology of symptoms of intrathecal medication withdrawal 32.3 Intrathecal Withdrawal There are only three drugs that are FDA approved for intrathecal delivery: morphine,…

Authors Technique Advantages Disadvantages Plancarte et al. [3] Bilateral paramedian extradiscal approach (fluoroscopy) Avoids risks associated with intervertebral disc and spinal canal penetration • Technical difficulties due to anatomical variability (tall…

Fig. 25.1 Anteroposterior view of needle placement in the case presented. Images from Dr. Anitescu Personal Library Fig. 25.2 Lateral view of the needle placement in the case presented. Images…