Fig. 7.1 Placement of electrodes for recording EMG responses from the extraocular muscles (CNs III, IV, VI), facial muscles (CN VII), masseter muscle (CN V), trapezius muscle (CN XI), and…

Fig. 42.1 Representative transcranial electric motor-evoked potentials , ulnar nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) , and posterior tibial nerve SSEPs recorded during neuroendovascular surgery for embolization of carotid artery fistula. The…

Fig. 40.1 Depiction of electrical activity and the occurrence of irreversible cell death (infarction) as cerebral blood flow is reduced from normal (50 cm3/min/100 g). As shown, the EEG becomes…

Fig. 9.1 (a) Diagrammatic axial section through the central sulcus at the level of the hand area of sensorimotor cortex, showing the earliest cortical dipoles activated after finger stimulation. Note…

Fig. 35.1 Stimulus-triggered EMG for the detection of pedicle wall breach. Electrical stimulation of hole (a) with low current activates the adjacent nerve root, evoking a CMAP response, representing a…

Fig. 41.1 This EEG recording represents left (channel 1) and right (channel 2) frontotemporal trends of density spectral array (DSA) frequency and total power amplitude trends. Recording began following anesthesia…

Fig. 28.1 Anatomy of the posterior craniocervical junction in Chiari malformation (a). Sagittal noncontrast T1-weighted MR image in a patient with Chiari I malformation demonstrating herniation of the cerebellar tonsils…

Fig. 27.1 ABR responses with changes due to retractor effect Differential Diagnosis of ABR Findings Several nonphysiological processes may contribute to changes in ABRs during IOM [14]. Inherent to any…

Criteria SIADH CSW DI Serum sodium mmol/L <135 <135 >145 Serum osmolarity mOsm/kg <285 <285 >290 Urine osmolarity mOsm/kg >200 >200 >200 Urine sodium mmol/L >25 >25 – Fluid balance…

Fig. 18.1 Flexile screen placed at the head of the table serves to protect the face, enable communication with the patient, and to monitor the airway The anesthesiologist will need…