Fig. 10.1 Micrograph of cortical neuropil stained for neurons . The cell bodies of pyramidal neurons project apical dendrites upward and parallel with adjacent pyramidal cells Fig. 10.2 Current flow…

Fig. 38.1 Degrees of nerve injury that leave the nerve in continuity . The mildest injury is neurapraxic, which represents a loss of electrical function with little, if any, anatomic…

Fig. 20.1 (a–g) A basic algorithm for the anesthesiologist and other members of the monitoring team to use in evaluating the possible contributions to response deteriorations The anesthesiologist is in…

Fig. 8.1 Spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) components. The point of control is the level of excitability of segmental interneurons, which is determined by the integrated activity of the…

Modality Age affected Factors Manifestation Adaptive strategy MN, UN SSEPs Birth—2 years Central myelination Broad, low-amplitude delayed cortical potentials Decrease stimulus rate; increase pulse length PTN SSEPs Birth—4–6 years Dorsal…

Fig. 36.1 Magnetic resonance images of an extensive intramedullary tumor in lower thoracic spinal cord with complete obstruction of the spinal canal (a), significant enhancement (b), and dark T2-signal indicating…

Clinical feature Patients, n (%) Muscular weakness 46 (78) Back pain 43 (73) Bladder dysfunction 42 (71) Altered sensation 40 (68) Leg pain or sciatica 33 (56) Cutaneous stigmata 15…

Fig. 15.1 Graphical representation of the Monro–Kellie doctrine . Any increase in a single component of intracranial volume (blood, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF], tissue) must be matched by a decrease in…

Fig. 34.1 Chest radiographs taken preoperatively of the patient in Case 1 showing the spine instrumentation After failure of conservative therapy and facet joint injections, she was scheduled for posterior…

Fig. 30.1 This MRI angiogram is from a patient with left carotid artery stenosis just above the level of the carotid artery bifurcation (arrowhead) The neurologist discussed the two possible…