Increased centralization of blood volume Decreased heart rate Increased work of breathing Increased cardiac output Increased sodium and potassium excretion Increased intramuscular blood flow Increased plasma levels of dopamine Decreased…
Fig. 70.1 Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation lead A variety of stimulators were used in the various studies during the developmental course of this technique, with the most recent version shown…
Fig. 51.1 Schematic diagram of the gate control theory of pain mechanisms: L the large-diameter fibers, S the small-diameter fibers. The fibers project to the substantia gelatinosa (SG) and first…
Fig. 54.1 A graphical representation of the activated pathway during this test. The SCS lead stimulates the dorsal column at a level that is strong enough to activate enough fibers…
Fig. 36.1 Square off end plates of the desired level to be injected (in this case, L3). Fluoroscope is rotated oblique 20–35° to obtain the “foraminal” view. Local anesthetic is…
Fig. 50.1 The concept of charge as dose is illustrated. In this example, each pulse can be thought of as a therapeutic dose or the charges per second as a…
(1) NeuroAlert LLC, 399 Knollwood Road, White Plains, NY 10603, USA (2) Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA…
Acute Chronic Neck and Upper Extremity Carotid Artery Dissection Subclavian or Axillobrachial Atherosclerosis Vertebral Artery Dissection Hemodialysis-Associated Steal Syndrome Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (arterial or venous) Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (neurogenic) Acute…
Fig. 38.1 The diagnosis of facet joint pain Common Diagnoses/Symptoms Treated Common diagnoses relating to the z-joint include cervical, thoracic, or lumbar facet arthropathy, facet syndrome, and spondylosis. Several other…
Fig. 66.1 Microvascular compression. A view of the right cerebellopontine angle including cranial nerves and vascular structures. Abnormal contact of a vessel (asterisk) with the trigeminal root entry zone, is…
