Upper Extremity Multiple Stimulation Techniques Andrea Casati Blocks of the brachial plexus and the terminal nerves using a single-injection technique require a large volume of local anesthetics and their diffusion…
Brachial Plexus Blocks A. Interscalene Block Anthony R. Brown Patient Position: Supine, with the head turned approximately 45° to the opposite side. Indications: Shoulder surgery. Needle Size: 22-gauge, 25-mm insulated…
General Considerations for Lower Extremity Blocks Jacques E. Chelly Lower extremity blocks, alone or in combination with general anesthesia, represent an interesting alternative to neuroaxial blocks and general anesthesia alone….
Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus Laura Clark Knowledge of anatomy is essential to maximize the likelihood of success when performing peripheral nerve blocks. However, it is important to recognize that…
Indications for Upper Extremity Blocks Jacques E. Chelly Regional anesthesia of the upper extremity is most frequently based on either a block of the brachial plexus (interscalene, supraclavicular, and classical…
Nerve Mapping in Adults William F. Urmey Carlos A. Bollini Fernando Cacheiro Introduction Nerve mapping in adults refers to the use of a surface stimulating electrode to outline the course…
Local Anesthetic Solutions Andrea Casati A. Local Anesthetics General Overview Local anesthetics block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the level of the cell membrane. They bind directly…
Nerve Stimulators and Insulated Needles Admir Hadzic Jerry Vloka History The first description of electrical stimulation to locate the brachial plexus was recorded by Perthes in 1912. However, the acceptance…
Step-by-Step Approach to the Performance of Peripheral Nerve Blocks Jacques E. Chelly Evidence shows that peripheral nerve blocks performed in either awake or lightly sedated adult patients prior to or…
