EMERGENCY MEDICINE
Hypertensive Emergencies
Hypertensive Emergencies Savithiri Ratnapalan Introduction High-normal blood pressure (BP): 90-95th percentile Moderate hypertension: 95-99th percentile Severe hypertension: persistently at or above 99% Hypertensive urgency: elevated BP without end-organ damage Hypertensive…
Urologic Emergencies
Urologic Emergencies Leah Harrington Introduction Need to distinguish true emergencies from benign complaints Testicular torsion: 6-hour window to treat to achieve salvage rate > 80% Phimosis Inability to retract neonatal/infantile…
Renal Emergencies
Renal Emergencies Jennifer Thull-Freedman Introduction Most common cause of acute renal failure in children is prerenal Common to find varying degrees of functional/transient proteinuria or hematuria Proteinuria Common Causes of…
Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary Tract Infections Dennis Scolnik Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur frequently throughout childhood Prevalence in first year of life: 6.5% (girls), 3.3% (boys) Prevalence in children: 8.1% (girls), 1.9%…
Appendicitis
Appendicitis Bruce Minnes Introduction Most common nontraumatic condition requiring emergency abdominal surgery in children and adolescents Missed appendicitis or delays to diagnosis are among the common scenarios resulting in a…
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Leah Harrington Introduction Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Hematemesis: bleeding proximal to ligament of Treitz Melena: black, tarry stools, bleeding proximal to ileocecal valve Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Hematochezia: bright red…
Abdominal Emergencies
Abdominal Emergencies Leah Harrington Introduction Abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint to the emergency department Causes: medical vs surgical Etiology varies by age Principles of Management Assess ABCs Fluid…
Constipation
Constipation Leah Harrington Introduction Constipation: < 3 bowel movements/week, and/or painful passage of hard/large stools Functional constipation: not due to organic, anatomic, or pharmaceutical causes Fecal soiling: stool deposited on…
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders Stephen Freedman Introduction: Fluid Compartments Total body water (TBW) = 67% intracellular fluid (ICF) + 33% extracellular fluid (ECF) ECF = 25% intravascular + 75% interstitial…
