RCTs Mortality with HES Use of RRT with HES RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI CRYSTMASa 1.23 0.76–2.01 1.83 0.89–3.89 6Sb 1.17 1.01–1.36 1.35 1.01–1.80 CHESTc 1.06 0.96–1.18…

Intervention Indications Cautions Side effects Protocol Notes Intensive insulin therapy (or tight glycemic control) Critically ill patients with stress-induced hyperglycemia (sepsis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, myocardial infarction, trauma, burns, cardiothoracic…

First author Year N° centers NIV application Setting Mask Patients in NIV group Patients in control group Mortality NIV Mortality control Brochard [5] 1995 5 Hypercapnic ICU Face 43 42…

Fig. 4.1 The greater lung expansion in ventral regions, due to shape matching between the lung and thorax, counteracts the gravitational forces when they act on those ventral regions, as…

Fig. 7.1 Survival benefit of daily interruption of sedatives paired with spontaneous breathing trials. In the Awakening and Breathing Controlled Trial, patients in the intervention group were managed with daily…

Proven applications Possible applications Strong evidence Lack of strong evidence but physiological rationale Large-volume paracentesis Recurrent ascites (as a long-term treatment) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) with ascites Non-SBP-related sepsis and…

Fig. 3.1 Calculation of predicted body weight (PBW). cm centimeters, in inches (Modified from Silversides et al. [2] Copyright © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd) Finally, Villar and colleagues [11] enrolled…

Increasing survival Increasing mortality Albumin in hepatorenal syndrome [9] Supranormal elevation of systemic oxygen delivery [25] Daily interruption of sedatives [10] Diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin [26] Mild hypothermia [11] Growth hormone…

Meta-analyses Size Mortality Blood transfusion Myocardial infarction Stroke Pulmonary embolism  RCT pts RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI RR 95 % CI RR 95…