Vascular Cannulation
FIGURE 33.1 Anatomy of the internal jugular vein. More superficial position than the SV Lower stenosis or occlusion rate as opposed to the SV. The advantages of using the right…
CRITICAL CARE
Temperature Monitoring
FIGURE 26.1 Zero-heat-flux cutaneous thermometer consists of a thermal insulator covered by an electric heater. The heater is servo-controlled to eliminate the heat flow through the insulator, at which point…
Sepsis and Septic Shock
Severe Sepsis Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, perfusion abnormalities, or hypotension: Organ system dysfunction can be described by organ failure scoring systems (12,13). TABLE 46.2 Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Sepsis…
Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
Antithrombin Antithrombin inhibits thrombin, factor Xa, and other activated clotting factors, but in the absence of heparin, these reactions occur slowly. Heparin addition will increase the rate of inhibition of…
Pericardial Disease
= cavitary pressure – adjacent intrapericardial pressure Because the intrapericardial pressure is normally negative, this usually adds to the normal transmural pressure gradient (1). The relationship between intrapericardial and pleural…
Neurologic Infections
TABLE 86.2 Predisposing Host Factors to Specific Etiologic Agents of Meningitis Nuchal rigidity can be detected with passive or active flexion of the neck. Tests, such as the Kernig and…
Liver Transplantation
FIGURE 72.1 Graft failure among adult recipients of livers transplanted from deceased donors, 2012. (Adapted from 2012 Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific…
Abdominal Trauma: Nonoperative Management and Postoperative Considerations
FIGURE 57.1 A thorough history and physical examination in the intensive care unit including imaging, termed the tertiary survey, can be documented on a standardized form to facilitate communication among…
Skin Wounds and Musculoskeletal Infection
FIGURE 85.1 Pressure points in supine position. FIGURE 85.2 Pressure points in sitting position. Most (66%) patients with pressure ulcers are older than 70 years old, with a prevalence rate…
Infections of the Head and Neck
FIGURE 87.1 Anatomic depiction of the external, middle, and inner ear. Necrotizing Otitis Externa Malignant or necrotizing otitis externa (MOE) is an aggressive infection that begins as otitis externa but…
