Physics of gases
where P is absolute pressure (Pa), V is volume (m3), n is amount of substance (mol), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 J·K−1·mol−1), and T is temperature (K). Boyle’s…
ANESTHESIA
Fluid dynamics: laminar and turbulent flow
where Q is flow, ΔP is pressure gradient, r is radius, η is fluid viscosity and l is length. From this equation, it can be seen that flow is directly…
Medical gases: storage and supply
Applied science How do you determine how much gas remains in a cylinder? For cylinders containing compressed (non-liquefied) gas, gauge pressure falls as gas is used; Boyle’s law can be…
Diffusion and osmosis
The osmometer uses supercooling to measure the depression of the freezing point. Supercooling is the process of cooling a liquid without causing a change in state. It involves rapidly cooling…
Fluid dynamics: Bernoulli and Venturi
By altering the driving flow, the constriction size or the size of the opening, the Venturi effect can be used to mix gases or fluids to produce a fixed concentration….
Latent heat
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 7 Latent heat Basic science Heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise a given object by one kelvin, and has the…
Temperature measurement
Applied science Describe the applications of non-electrical thermometers Liquid thermometers containing mercury are effective from −39°C to 250°C, while alcohol thermometers are effective from −117°C to 78°C. They are commonly…
Heat and temperature
html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml” xmlns:mml=”http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML” xmlns:epub=”http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops”> Chapter 5 Heat and temperature Basic science Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects of differing temperatures. It is measured in joules….
