High risk Low risk Surgical factors Surgical factors Upper abdominal surgery Lower abdominal surgery Open surgery Laparoscopic surgery Prolonged surgery (>3–4 h) Short surgical duration (<3–4 h) Vertical or oblique…
Drug Dose Time of action Considerations and adverse effects Labetalol Loading dose 20 mg followed by 20–80 mg every 10 min, up to total 300 mg. May consider 1–2 mg/min…
CMP, Comprehensive metabolic panel (includes glucose, blood urea nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, albumin, bilirubin, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein); ECG, electrocardiogram; ET, endotracheal; IM, intramuscular; INR, international normalized…
) The volume of air expired during a period of 1 minute. (The dot above the V represents “time”.) Orthopnea Severe dyspnea that is relieved when the patient elevates the head and…
FIG. 27.1 Normal oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is indicated with the solid line. This curve may shift (indicated with broken lines) whenever pH, temperature, PCO2, or 2,3-DPG values are increased or decreased….
FIG. 10.1 Left lateral view of the brain, showing the principal divisions of the brain and four major lobes of the cerebrum. Motor Areas No single area of motor control exists…
FIG. 32.1 Frontal section through outer, middle, and internal ear. CN, Cranial nerve. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy and physiology, ed 9, St. Louis, MO, 2016, Elsevier.) If surgery has been…
From Kliegman RM, et al.: Nelson’s textbook of pediatrics, ed 20, Philadelphia, PA, 2016, Elsevier. Neonates have large heads and chest circumferences that mostly equal their body length. They can begin…
FIG. 11.1 Events of cardiac cycle showing changes in left atrial pressure, left ventricular pressure, aortic pressure, ventricular volume, electrocardiogram, and phonocardiogram. A-V, Atrioventricular. (From Hall JE: Guyton and Hall textbook of…
FIG. 30.1 Anatomy of the airway. (From Chabner D-E: Medical terminology: a short course, ed 7, St. Louis, 2015, Elsevier.) While it is likely a thorough airway assessment is performed by the…
