Cerebrospinal Fluid
The first section of this chapter reviews cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with respect to the anatomy of the CSF-containing spaces, physiology, and the effects of anesthetics and other influences. The second…
ANESTHESIA
Cerebral and Spinal Cord Blood Flow
Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude and great respect for the late William L. Young, MD, James P. Livingston Professor and Vice Chair, Department of Anesthesiology, University…
Brain Metabolism, the Pathophysiology of Brain Injury, and Potential Beneficial Agents and Techniques
Brain metabolism involves both the production and the utilization of energy; catabolism is the breakdown and anabolism is the synthesis of components and molecules in the cells. For energy formation…
Arnold-Chiari Malformation (Chiari Malformation Type II)
Risk • Arnold-Chiari malformation (Chiari Malformation type II or CMII) is found exclusively in pts with myelomeningocele. • Myelomeningocele occurs in 0.6 of 1000 live births. Perioperative Risks • Vocal…
Appendicitis, Acute
Risk • One of most common abdominal emergencies • Possible at any age but most common during an individual’s teens and 20s • 11 in 10,000 individuals will experience appendicitis…
Apnea of the Newborn
Risk • Full-term infants with an underlying pathology (i.e., neurologic disorders, metabolic derangements) • Premature infants, with or without an underlying pathology • Infants less than 60 wk post conceptual…
Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly Type 1 and 2)
Risk • 15:1,000,000 live births • Equal M:F ratio Perioperative Risk • Aspiration • Bronchospasm • Resp depression • Airway obstruction Perioperative Risk • Aspiration • Bronchospasm • Resp depression…
Aortic Stenosis
Risk • Most common valvular heart disease; prevalence only 0.2% among adults aged 50-59 y, but increases to almost 10% after age 80 y. • Calcific aortic stenosis: Major risk…
Anxiety Disorders
Risk • Lifetime prevalence approximately 30% in USA • Gender: Female (2× more likely compared with male) • Environmental: Traumatic or stressful events • Age: Often develop in childhood and…
Antithrombin III Deficiency
Risk • Incidence in USA: 1:2000-5000 (may be higher) • Men and women equally affected and no racial or ethnic difference Perioperative Risks • Risk of postop thromboembolic phenomena; 40%…
