Questions 1. What is the difference between conventional descending aortic reconstruction and endovascular aortic repair? 2. List the anatomic requirements and restrictions for endovascular aortic repair. 3. What are the…

Questions 1. Explain the natural history of aortic aneurysms. 2. How is a patient with an aortic aneurysm evaluated preoperatively? 3. Which medications are administered preoperatively? 4. Which anesthetic agents…

Questions 1. What are the mechanisms a conscious person has to prevent regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration? 2. Discuss the risk factors for regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia. 3….

Questions 1. What are carcinoid tumors? 2. Where do carcinoid tumors occur? 3. Describe the pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome. 4. What is carcinoid crisis? 5. What are anesthetic concerns for…

Questions 1. What is a pheochromocytoma? 2. What are the signs and symptoms and diagnostic criteria? 3. How is pheochromocytoma managed preoperatively? 4. What are intraoperative surgical and anesthetic considerations?…

Questions 1. Describe the pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. What are the end-organ effects of diabetes mellitus, and how do they affect the perioperative course?…

Questions 1. What is malignant hyperthermia? 2. What is the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia? 3. What are the clinical characteristics of malignant hyperthermia? 4. Discuss masseter muscle rigidity during induction….

Questions 1. Where are steroids naturally produced, and what type of steroids are they? 2. What are the physiologic effects of glucocorticosteroids? 3. What steroids are available for administration, and…