Renal Principles
ANATOMY AND BASIC PHYSIOLOGY Print Section Listen The kidneys lie in the paravertebral grooves at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebrae. The medial margin of each is concave,…
ANESTHESIA
Hepatic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The liver plays an essential role in metabolic homeostasis. Hepatic functions include the synthesis, storage, and breakdown of glycogen. In addition, the liver is important in…
Respiratory Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The primary function of the lungs is gas exchange. Specifically, this involves the transport of oxygen (O2) into the blood, and the elimination of carbon dioxide…
Hematologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Blood is rightfully considered the vital fluid, because every organ system depends on the normal function of blood. Blood delivers oxygen and other essential substances throughout…
Oncologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen In 2012, there were 1.5 million persons with newly diagnosed invasive cancer in the United States.41 Among patients receiving chemotherapy for their disease, some will seek…
Genitourinary Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The genitourinary system encompasses 2 major organ systems, the reproductive and the urinary systems. Successful reproduction requires interaction between 2 sexually mature individuals. Xenobiotic exposures to…
Thermoregulatory Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Despite exposure to wide fluctuations of environmental temperatures, human body temperature is maintained within a narrow range.16,120 Elevation or depression of body temperature occurs when (1)…
Otolaryngologic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Many xenobiotics adversely affect the senses of olfaction, gustation, and cochlear–vestibular functions. Although these toxic effects are not life-threatening they are frequently distressful to patients. Furthermore,…
Gastrointestinal Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Humans are in constant contact with xenobiotics. In addition to its critical role in absorbing nutrients, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract forms the initial functional barrier between…
Ophthalmic Principles
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Although it is arguable that the eyes are the mirror to the soul, it is certain that the eyes reveal a great deal of information with…
