Chapter 41 – Valsalva Manoeuvre
Abstract The Valsalva manoeuvre is performed by forced expiration against a closed glottis. It is attributed to Antonio Valsalva (1666–1723), who described it as a test of Eustachian tube patency…
ANESTHESIA
Chapter 40 – Cardiovascular Reflexes
Abstract The organs require a fairly constant mean arterial pressure (MAP) to ensure adequate perfusion. Some organs (most notably the brain, heart and kidneys), despite fluctuations in MAP, intrinsically maintain…
Chapter 29 – Cardiac Output and Its Measurement
Abstract The cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle (LV) or right ventricle (RV) per minute. Chapter 29 Cardiac Output and Its Measurement Which…
Chapter 39 – Lymphatics
Abstract The lymphatic system is part of the systemic circulation. Its two main components are the conducting system and lymphoid tissue. Chapter 39 Lymphatics Describe the anatomy of the lymphatic…
Chapter 34 – Arterial System
Abstract The arterial system is the high-pressure component of the systemic circulation. The arterial system divides from the aorta into large arteries, smaller arteries and finally arterioles before joining the…
Chapter 31 – Cardiac Pressure–Volume Loops
Abstract The left ventricular pressure–volume loop provides a useful representation of left ventricular performance through the cardiac cycle (Figure 31.1; see also Chapter 28, Figure 28.1). Chapter 31 Cardiac Pressure–Volume…
Chapter 35 – Arterial Pressure Waveforms
Abstract The rate and character of the arterial pulse has been used for millennia for the diagnosis of a wide range of disorders. Perhaps more useful, however, is the direct…
Chapter 36 – Capillaries and Endothelium
Abstract The capillaries are tiny vessels (measuring 5–10 μm in diameter) arranged in an interweaving network called the capillary bed. Capillaries have two main roles. Chapter 36 Capillaries and Endothelium…
Chapter 38 – Venous Pressure Waveforms
Abstract The central venous pressure (CVP) waveform is measured using a central venous catheter positioned just above the right atrium (RA), within the superior vena cava. Starting from mid-diastole, key…
Chapter 37 – Venous System
Abstract Transport of deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart, which is the main role of the venous system. There are a few exceptions to…
