The Clinical Pharmacology of Opioids
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen The first reports of opioid use date to more than 6000 years ago, when a gummy substance known as opium was extracted from poppy…
Local Anesthetics
HISTORY Print Section Listen Local anesthetics have been used for centuries and represent some of the oldest drugs in the armamentarium of anesthesiologists. The story of the coca leaf and…
Intravenous Sedative–Hypnotics
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT Print Section Listen Sedative–hypnotics are a relatively new class of anesthetics, beginning with the introduction of sodium thiopental in the early 1930s. Since then, several sedative–hypnotics have…
Anesthetic Drug Interactions with Herbal Remedies
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen As the use of herbal supplements becomes more widespread, it is vitally important that the anesthetist has a detailed understanding of potential interactions with anesthetic medications…
Opioid and Benzodiazipine Reversal Agents
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Opioid and benzodiazepine antagonists are an important component of an anesthesiologists’ armamentarium. Anesthesiologists rely on these agents for rapid reversal of adverse effects such as respiratory…
Pharmacokinetics, Biophase, and Pharmacodynamics and the Importance of Simulation
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS IN FINDING THE CORRECT DOSE Print Section Listen When selecting an anesthetic, anesthetists often consider, among others, the questions presented in Table 1–1. To answer these questions, anesthetists…
Drug Interactions in Anesthesia
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Anesthetic drug interactions exist when one anesthetic influences the behavior of another anesthetic. The combined effects can be enhanced or diminished, or a new effect may…
Origin of Mathematical Models for Anesthetic Drug–Drug Interactions
MODELING CONCEPTS Print Section Listen Modeling is the technique of defining a mathematical equation that fits a data set as accurately as possible. Linear regression could be considered as a…
Pharmacokinetics of Inhalational Agents
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The kinetics of inhaled anesthetics is fundamental to the clinical practice of anesthesia.1 This subject is often called uptake and distribution of anesthetics.2 It explains the…
Importance and Limitations of Simulation in Clinical Pharmacology
IMPORTANCE OF SIMULATION Print Section Listen Anesthesiologists use many potent drugs either as single agents or in combination. Each of these drugs has a unique profile in terms of how…
