OVERVIEW Print Section Listen Spinal injections have been performed for many years, most often for the management of axial, paraspinal, and radicular pain. They have evolved over the years with…
HISTORY AND CONTROVERSY OF MEDICAL MARIJUANA Print Section Listen Cannabis has been utilized as a medicine and in various cultural practices for millennia with accounts of its use dating back…
INTRODUCTION: WHY NOVEL FORMULATIONS? Print Section Listen The medical profession recognizes the clinical value of prescribed opioids in treating noncancer pain that is persistent and recalcitrant to other therapies.1 However,…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen “Among the remedies which it has pleased almighty God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal and efficacious as opium.”—Sir Thomas…
NMDA RECEPTOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Print Section Listen The synapse between the primary afferent and secondary afferent neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is a critical site…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Skeletal muscle relaxants are frequently used in patients with both acute and chronic pain when a component of muscle spasm is thought to be contributing to…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been used in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes for more than 50 years.1–4 Phenytoin, in particular, has been extensively used for…
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS Print Section Listen Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agents. They are used to reduce pain, decrease stiffness, and improve function in patients with…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Chronic pain is frequently comorbid with both anxiety and mood disorders. Although many pain medicine practitioners may not manage psychiatric conditions, it is increasingly important to…
