Preanesthetic Preparation of the Pediatric Patient
The “10 P” Checklist Cognitive aids, in the form of checklists, are techniques that ensure completeness with multistep processes and aid attention to detail. We devised the 10 P checklist…
The Formerly Premature Infant
With the advent of antenatal steroids, surfactant therapy, and the overall improvement in care of extremely premature infants, mortality from medical problems of prematurity has decreased. However, as survival rates…
Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus The endocrine condition most frequently encountered in the perioperative period in children is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is the result of an absolute or functional deficiency of insulin…
The Premature Infant
In the last several decades, the incidence of prematurity in the United States has risen to 11.5%. Maternal risk factors for prematurity include absence of prenatal care, low socioeconomic status,…
Genetic and Inherited Diseases
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) With an incidence of approximately1 in 700 live births , trisomy 21 is the most common chromosomal abnormality and the most common cause of intellectual disability…
Oncologic Diseases
Common Oncologic Disorders Leukemia The leukemias, which result from malignant transformation of early hematopoietic stem cells, are some of the most common malignancies of childhood ( Table 8.1 ). Acute…
Hematologic Diseases
Inherited Coagulation Disorders Hemophilia The hemophilias are a group of X-linked recessive bleeding disorders characterized by insufficient production of coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Formation…
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Gastroesophageal Reflux Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a term used to describe a leaky lower esophageal sphincter that causes a child to regurgitate recently ingested meals. It is common in the…
Neurologic and Neuromuscular Diseases
Cerebral palsy and seizure disorders are very common in the pediatric population, thus anesthesia providers should be familiar with their clinical characteristics and the pharmacologic agents used for their treatment….
Respiratory Diseases
Upper Respiratory Infection Upper respiratory infection (URI) is common in children presenting for anesthesia and the most common infection overall in children. The average child will have 6 to 8…
